African and Asian elephants. Ivory has been traded for a whole lot of years by individuals in Africa and Asia, resulting in restrictions and bans. Ivory was formerly used to make piano keys and different decorative objects because of the white color it presents when processed however the piano trade abandoned ivory as a key protecting materials within the 1980s in favor of different supplies akin to plastic. Also, synthetic ivory has been developed which can be used in its place material for making piano keys. Elephant ivory has been exported from Africa and Asia for millennia with data going back to the 14th century BCE. Transport of the heavy commodity was always tough, and with the institution of the early-trendy slave trades from East and West Africa, freshly captured slaves had been used to hold the heavy tusks to the ports the place both the tusks and their carriers had been bought. The ivory was used for piano keys, billiard balls and different expressions of exotic wealth. At the peak of the ivory trade, pre-twentieth century, in the course of the colonization of Africa, around 800 to 1,000 tonnes of ivory had been despatched to Europe alone every year. World wars and the next economic depressions brought about a lull on this luxurious commodity, however increased prosperity in the early 1970s noticed a resurgence. Japan, relieved from its change restrictions imposed after World Struggle II, began to purchase up raw (unworked) ivory. This began to place pressure on the forest elephants of Africa and Asia, each of which have been used to produce the hard ivory most popular by the Japanese for the manufacturing of hanko, title seal stamps used like a signature. Prior to this period, most title seals had been made from wooden with an ivory tip, carved with the signature, but elevated prosperity noticed the previously unseen solid ivory hanko in mass production. Softer ivory from East Africa and southern Africa was traded for souvenirs, jewelry and trinkets. By the 1970s, Japan consumed about 40% of the global commerce; one other 40% was consumed by Europe and North America, often labored in Hong Kong, which was the biggest commerce hub, with most of the remainder remaining in Africa. China, yet to change into the financial drive of immediately, consumed small amounts of ivory to keep its expert carvers in business. In 1979, the African elephant population was estimated to be around 1.3 million in 37 vary states, however by 1989, solely 600,000 remained. Though many ivory traders repeatedly claimed that the issue was habitat loss, it became glaringly clear that the menace was primarily the international ivory commerce. Throughout this decade, round 75,000 African elephants have been killed for the ivory commerce yearly, value around 1 billion dollars. About 80% of this was estimated to return from illegally killed elephants. The worldwide deliberations over the measures required to prevent the severe decline in elephant numbers virtually all the time ignored the loss of human life in Africa, the fueling of corruption, the “currency” of ivory in buying arms, and the breakdown of regulation and order in areas where unlawful ivory commerce flourished. The controversy often rested on the numbers of elephants, estimates of poached elephants and official ivory statistics. Activists reminiscent of Jim Nyamu have described current ivory costs for poached ivory and the dangers such activists face from organized poaching. Solutions to the problem of poaching and illegal commerce targeted on making an attempt to regulate worldwide ivory movements through CITES (Convention on Worldwide Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Though poaching stays a concern in areas of Africa, it’s not the one menace for the elephants who roam its wilderness. Fences in farmlands have gotten increasingly extra common; this disrupts the elephants’ migration patterns and can cause herds to separate. Some CITES events (member states), led by Zimbabwe, acknowledged that wildlife had to have financial worth hooked up to it to survive and that native communities wanted to be concerned. Ivory was broadly accepted by way of non-lethal use of wildlife, but a debate raged over lethal use as within the case of the ivory commerce. CITES officials and native bands of poachers erupted in violent battle, killing women and men on every side. It was recognised that the “sustainable lethal use of wildlife” argument was in jeopardy if the ivory trade couldn’t be controlled. In 1986, CITES launched a brand new management system involving CITES paper permits, registration of huge ivory stockpiles and monitoring of authorized ivory movements. These controls were supported by most CITES events as nicely because the ivory trade and the established conservation motion represented by World Extensive Fund for Nature (WWF), Visitors and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In 1986 and 1987, CITES registered 89.5 and 297 tonnes of ivory in Burundi and Singapore respectively. Burundi had one known stay wild elephant and Singapore had none. The stockpiles were acknowledged to have largely come from poached elephants. The CITES Secretariat was later admonished by the US delegate for redefining the time period “registration” as “amnesty”. The results of this was realised in undercover investigations by the Environmental Investigation Company (EIA), a small NGO with few sources, after they met with traders in Hong Kong. Massive elements of the stockpiles had been owned by worldwide criminals behind the poaching and illegal international trade. Nicely-recognized Hong Kong-based traders akin to Wang and Poon have been beneficiaries of the amnesty, and elephant knowledgeable Iain Douglas-Hamilton commented on the Burundi amnesty that it “made not less than two millionaires”. EIA confirmed with their investigations that not solely had these syndicates made huge wealth, but they also possessed huge quantities of CITES permits with which they continued to smuggle new ivory, which if stopped by customs, they produced the paper permit. CITES had created a system which increased the worth of ivory on the worldwide market, rewarded international smugglers and gave them the flexibility to manage the trade and continue smuggling new ivory. Further failures of this “management” system had been uncovered by the EIA after they gained undercover entry and filmed ivory carving factories run by Hong Kong traders, together with Poon, in the United Arab Emirates. They also collected official commerce statistics, airway payments and further evidence in UAE, Singapore and Hong Kong. The UAE statistics showed that this nation alone had imported over 200 tonnes of uncooked and merely prepared ivory in 1987/88. Nearly half of this had come from Tanzania where that they had a complete ban on ivory. It underlined that the ivory traders rewarded by CITES with the amnesties were operating rings across the system. Despite these public revelations by the EIA, and followed by media exposures (including ITV’s The Cook Report) and appeals from African international locations and a range of nicely-respected organisations around the globe, WWF solely came out in help of a ban in mid-1989, indicating the importance of the “lethal use” precept of wildlife to WWF and CITES; even then, the group tried to water down selections on the October 1989 meeting of CITES. Tanzania, attempting to break down the ivory syndicates that it acknowledged were corrupting its society, proposed an Appendix One listing for the African Elephant (effectively a ban on international trade). Some southern African countries together with South Africa and Zimbabwe have been vehemently opposed. They claimed that their elephant populations have been effectively managed and they needed revenue from ivory gross sales to fund conservation. Although each nations had been implicated as entrepôts in illegal ivory from other African nations, WWF, with strong ties to each nations, found itself in a tough position. It is properly documented that publicly it opposed the trade but privately tried to appease these southern African states. However, the so-referred to as Somalia-Proposal, introduced by the governmental delegation of the Republic of Somalia, of which nature protection specialist Prof. Julian Bauer was an official member, then broke the stalemate and the elephant moratorium with its ban of elephant ivory trade was adopted by the CITES delegates. Finally at that October meeting of CITES after heated debates, the African elephant was placed on Appendix One in all CITES, and three months later in January 1990 when the choice was enacted, the worldwide commerce in ivory was banned. It is extensively accepted that the ivory ban labored. The poaching epidemic that had hit so much of the African elephants’ vary was drastically lowered. Ivory costs plummeted and ivory markets around the globe closed, nearly all of which had been in Europe and the US. It has been reported that it was not merely the act of the Appendix One itemizing and numerous national bans associated with it, but the large publicity surrounding the problem previous to the decision and afterwards, that created a broadly accepted notion that the commerce was dangerous and now unlawful. Richard Leakey said that stockpiles remained unclaimed in Kenya and it turned cheaper and easier for authorities to control the killing of elephants. All through the talk which led to the 1990 ivory ban, a gaggle of southern African countries supported Hong Kong and Japanese ivory traders to take care of commerce. This was said to be as a result of these countries claimed to have nicely-managed elephant populations they usually needed the income from ivory gross sales to fund conservation. These countries had been South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland. They voted in opposition to the Appendix One itemizing and actively labored to reverse the decision. The two countries main the try to overturn the ban instantly after it was agreed had been South Africa and Zimbabwe. South Africa’s claim that its elephants were effectively managed was not critically challenged. Nevertheless, its role in the unlawful ivory commerce and slaughter of elephants in neighbouring international locations was uncovered in quite a few news articles of the time, as a part of its coverage of destabilisation of its neighbours. South African Defence Drive (SADF) which trained, provided and outfitted the rebel Mozambique army RENAMO. RENAMO was heavily implicated in massive-scale ivory poaching to finance its military. Zimbabwe had embraced “sustainable” use policies of its wildlife, seen by some governments and the WWF as a sample for future conservation. Conservationists and biologists hailed Zimbabwe’s Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Assets (CAMPFIRE) as a template for neighborhood empowerment in conservation. The failure to forestall the Appendix One listing through CITES came as a blow to this motion. Zimbabwe may have made the profession of some biologists, however it was not trustworthy with its claims. The government argued the ivory trade would fund conservation efforts, but revenues were instead returned to the central treasury. Its elephant census was accused of double counting elephants crossing its border with Botswana by building artificial waterholes. The ivory trade was additionally wildly out of control inside its borders, with Zimbabwe Nationwide Army (ZNA) involvement in poaching in Gonarezhou Nationwide Park and different areas. Extra sinister was the alleged homicide of a string of whistle-blowers, together with a Capt. Nleya, who claimed the ZNA was involved in rhinoceros and elephant poaching in Mozambique. Nleya was found hanged at his army barracks close to Hwange National Park. The dying was reported as suicide by the military, but declared a murder by a magistrate. Nleya’s widow was reportedly later threatened by nameless phone calls. The dispute over the ivory commerce involves opposing units of perceived nationwide interests. The debate is further sophisticated by the numerous tutorial and policy disciplines at play, together with biology, census strategies, economics, worldwide trade dynamics, conflict decision, and criminology-all reported to CITES delegates representing over 170 nations. The decisions made within this settlement have typically been extremely political. Inevitably, it attracts misinformation, skulduggery and crime. The southern African nations proceed to try and sell ivory via legal methods. In an attraction to overcome national interests, a bunch of eminent elephant scientists responded with an open letter in 2002 which clearly explained the effects of the ivory commerce on different countries. They acknowledged that the proposals for renewed trade from southern Africa didn’t bear comparability with most of Africa because they had been based on a South African model the place 90% of the elephant population lived in a fenced Nationwide Park. They went on to explain South Africa’s wealth and means to enforce the regulation within these boundaries. By comparison, they made it clear that almost all elephants in Africa reside in poorly protected and unfenced bush or forest. They completed their appeal by describing the poaching disaster of the 1980s, and emphasized that the choice to ban ivory was not made to punish southern African nations, but to save the elephants in the rest of the world. Southern African international locations have continued to push for the worldwide ivory commerce. Led by Zimbabwe’s President Robert Mugabe, they had some success by way of CITES. Mugabe himself had been accused of bartering tonnes of ivory for weapons with China, breaking his country’s commitment to CITES. On 16 November 2017, it was introduced that US President Donald Trump had lifted a ban on ivory imports from Zimbabwe carried out by Barack Obama. The debate surrounding ivory trade has often been depicted as Africa versus the West. However, the southern Africans have always been in a minority throughout the African elephant vary states. Utilizing criteria that had been agreed upon at the 1989 CITES meeting, amongst much controversy and debate, in 1997 CITES events agreed to permit the populations of African elephants in Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to be “downlisted” to Appendix Two which might permit international commerce in elephant elements. Nonetheless, the decision was accompanied by “registering” stockpiles within these nations and inspecting trade controls in any designated importing country. CITES once once more was making an attempt to set up a management system. Forty-9 tonnes of ivory was registered in these three international locations, and Japan’s assertion that it had adequate controls in place was accepted by CITES and the ivory was sold to Japanese traders in 1997 as an “experiment”. In 2000, South Africa also “downlisted” its elephant population to CITES Appendix Two with a acknowledged want to sell its ivory stockpile. In the identical year, CITES agreed to the institution of two systems to tell its member states on the status of illegal killing and trade. The 2 techniques, Monitoring the Unlawful Killing of Elephants (MIKE) and Elephant Commerce Info System (ETIS), have been extremely criticised as a waste of cash for not being able to prove or disprove any causality between ivory stockpile sales and poaching ranges-perhaps the most significant motive for his or her institution. They do pull collectively info on poaching and seizures as offered by member states, although not all states present comprehensive knowledge. The impact of the sale of ivory to Japan in 2000 was hotly debated with Traffic, the organization which compiled the ETIS and MIKE databases, claiming they could not decide any link. Nevertheless, many of those on the ground claimed that the sale had modified the notion of ivory, and many poachers and traders believed they have been back in enterprise. A seizing of over 6 tonnes of ivory in Singapore in 2002 provided a stark warning that poaching in Africa was not for under local markets, but that a number of the ivory syndicates from the 1980s have been operating again. 532 elephant tusks and over 40,000 clean ivory hankos had been seized, and the EIA carried out investigations which confirmed that this case had been preceded by 19 different suspected ivory shipments, 4 destined for China and the remainder for Singapore, although typically en route to Japan. The ivory originated in Zambia and was collected in Malawi before being containerized and shipped out of South Africa. Between March 1994 and may 1998, nine suspected shipments had been sent by the identical firm Sheng Luck from Malawi to Singapore. After this, they began to be dispatched to China. Evaluation and cross-referencing revealed firm names and company directors already recognized to the EIA from investigations in the 1980s-the Hong Kong criminal ivory syndicates had been lively again. In 2002, another 60 tonnes of ivory from South Africa, Botswana and Namibia was permitted for sale, and in 2006, Japan was authorised as a vacation spot for the ivory. Japan’s ivory controls were seriously questioned with 25% of traders not even registered, voluntary moderately than authorized requirement of traders, and illegal shipments coming into Japan. Earlier than the sale took place, within the wings China was in search of approval as an ivory vacation spot nation. In 2014, Uganda stated that it was investigating the theft of about 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) of ivory from the vaults of its state-run wildlife protection company. Poaching is acute in central Africa, which is alleged to have lost at least 60 percent of its elephants previously decade. Nonetheless, brusstrading.com that CITES approve China’s request, and this was supported by WWF and Traffic. China and Japan purchased 108 tonnes of ivory in another “one-off” sale in November 2008 from Botswana, South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. At the time, the concept was that these authorized ivory gross sales might depress the value, thereby removing poaching strain, an concept supported by each Visitors and WWF. 2012, the demand for ivory has decreased because of this of new consumer awareness by means of education in regards to the connection between shopping for ivory and the killing of elephants. China’s elevated involvement in infrastructure initiatives in Africa and the purchase of pure assets has alarmed many conservationists who worry the extraction of wildlife physique parts is rising. Since China was given “approved buyer” standing by CITES, the smuggling of ivory seems to have increased alarmingly. Chinese language nationals working in Africa have been caught smuggling ivory in many African nations, with a minimum of ten arrested at Kenyan airports in 2009. In lots of African nations, domestic markets have grown, providing easy accessibility to ivory, although the Asian ivory syndicates are most destructive shopping for and transport tonnes at a time. Contrary to the recommendation of CITES that costs may be depressed, and people who supported the sale of stockpiles in 2008, the value of ivory in China has enormously increased. It might even be due to the exploding variety of Chinese ready to purchase luxury items. A examine funded by Save the Elephants confirmed than the worth of ivory tripled in China during 4 years following 2011 when stockpile destruction of ivory became more common. The identical examine concluded that this led to elevated poaching. Based on these findings, the research authors recommended motion to both reduce demand for ivory in China and other major markets and to decrease corruption and poverty in Africa. In 2012, The brand new York Times reported on a big upsurge in ivory poaching, with about 70% flowing to China. The ivory trade has steadily been a reoccurring problem that dwindled down the population of the African elephants and the white rhino. In 2013, a single seizure in Guangzhou uncovered 1,913 tusks, the product of almost 1,000 useless animals. In 2014, the Ugandan authorities had 1,355 kilograms (2,987 lb) of ivory saved in a secure and guarded by police and the military, stolen. At a value of over $1.1 million, it is unquestionably a trigger for concern. This loss was found throughout an audit of the Uganda Wildlife Authority, which has led to an investigation of those who ought to have been safeguarded that quantity of ivory. Because of this, five of the Wildlife Authority staffers have been suspended up to now. Main centers of ivory trafficking in Vietnam include Mong Cai, Hai Phong and Da Nang. One in all the major traffickers of illegal ivory from Togo is a Vietnamese, Dao Van Bien. A 22-month sentence was imposed. In terms of retail commerce of elephant ivory, Hong Kong is the biggest market in the world, and has been criticised for fueling the slaughter of elephants to fulfill the demand of consumers principally from mainland China. 95 kilograms (209 lb) of elephant ivory was confiscated at Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris from two Vietnamese who were arrested by French customs. The Philippines is a major center of the ivory trade with the Philippines priest Monsignor Cristobal Garcia implicated by National Geographic in a scandal over his involvement within the commerce. African elephants ivory has entered Thailand’s Asian elephant ivory market. Large quantities of ivory are nonetheless being imported by Japan. Vientiane, Laos, is a significant venue for Chinese tourists wanting to bypass Chinese restrictions on the sale of ivory. The sale of ivory is completed openly, including at San Jiang Market, within the Golden Triangle Particular Economic Zone, and in Luang Prabang Province. In 2018, a examine by Avaaz sponsored by Oxford College indicated that legal antique ivory buying and selling within the European Union continues to gas the poaching of elephants. It is believed that a legal loophole that allows for the buying and selling of outdated ivory masks the sale of gadgets fabricated from ivory from extra lately killed elephants. Claims of a link between terrorism and the ivory commerce have been made by a lot of public officials and media shops. NGO experiences cited an nameless source within the militant organization Al-Shabaab who claimed that the group engaged in the trafficking of ivory. The declare that Al-Shabaab acquired as much as 40% of its funding from the sale of elephant ivory gained additional attention following the 2013 Westgate procuring mall assault in Nairobi, Kenya. However, a report revealed jointly by Interpol and the United Nations Surroundings Programme described these claims as unreliable. According to the report, Al-Shabaab’s major revenue was from informal taxation and the commerce in charcoal, a big supply of deforestation. It is feasible that some Somali poachers paid taxes to Al-Shabaab whereas smuggling ivory via their territory, representing only a small portion of the group’s total earnings. Narwhal tusk for sale was a well-liked place for illegal trade for it is house and monetary support for a lot of terrorist teams. There are nonetheless laws in place that help the criminalization of poaching, but similar to all illegal supplies, individuals will all the time find ways round it. Worldwide commerce in Asian elephant ivory was banned in 1975 when the Asian elephant was placed on Appendix One of many Convention on the Worldwide Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). By the late 1980s, it was believed that solely around 50,000 remained within the wild. There has been little controversy in the choice to ban commerce in Asian elephant ivory. Nonetheless, the species continues to be threatened by the ivory commerce, and many conservationists have supported the African ivory commerce ban because proof exhibits that ivory traders should not involved whether their uncooked materials is from Africa or Asia. Selections by CITES on ivory commerce affect Asian elephants. For intricate carving, Asian ivory is commonly preferred. One in all the primary considerations of the conference was particularly on reevaluating the measures already in place to guard African elephants and the unlawful trade of their ivory. While forty six nations signed this agreement, it was reported in 2015 by The Guardian that the elephant poaching crisis was nonetheless unimproved. On 6 October 2017, the UK authorities introduced plans to ban the gross sales and exportation of ivory in areas of the United Kingdom. On 20 December 2018, the UK Ivory Act 2018, obtained Royal Assent after being passed by the British parliament. The Act may be prolonged to incorporate hippos, walruses, and narwhals sooner or later. The ban, when it comes into effect, has been described one of the “world’s hardest” ivory bans and successfully bans the buying and promoting of all accessible type of ivory within the UK bar some slim exemptions. Russians, different Europeans, the Inuit, and the people of Greenland. According to the United States authorities, Alaska natives (together with first nations, Inuit and Aleuts) are allowed to harvest walrus for subsistence as long as the harvesting is not wasteful. The natives are permitted to promote the ivory of the hunted walrus to non-natives so long as it’s reported to a United States Fish and Wildlife Service representative, tagged and common into some kind of handicraft. Natives may also promote ivory found inside 0.25 miles (0.Forty km) of the ocean-referred to as seashore ivory- to non-natives if the ivory has been tagged and labored in a roundabout way. Fossilized ivory just isn’t regulated, and could be bought with out registering, tagging or crafting in any method. In Greenland, prior to 1897, it was purchased by the Royal Greenland Trade Division solely for sale domestically. After that point, walrus ivory was exported. Walrus ivory was used to create items of artwork and specifically chess pieces within the Center Ages. In the nineteenth century, Bering Strait Inuit traded, amongst other things, walrus ivory to the Chinese, for glass beads and iron items. Prior to this, the Bering Strait Inuit used ivory for practical reasons; harpoon points, tools, and many others., but about the one time(s) walrus ivory was used in any other case, it was to make games for festivities, and for children’s toys. Moscow is a significant hub for the commerce in walrus ivory, providing the commodity for a large foreign market. The people of Greenland likely traded narwhal ivory amongst themselves previous to any contact with Europeans. For a whole bunch of years since, the tusks have moved from Greenland to worldwide markets. In the 1600s, the Dutch traded with the Inuit, usually for metal goods in change for narwhal tusks, seal skins, and other gadgets. Buying and selling continues today between Greenland and different nations, with Denmark by far being the leading purchaser. There is a world export ban of narwhal tusks from 17 Nunavut communities imposed by the Canadian federal government. The Inuit traders on this region are difficult the ban by filing an utility with the Federal Court docket. The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans restricts the export of narwhal tusks and different related merchandise from these communities, together with Iqaluit, the territorial capital. Tusks in good condition are valued at as much as $450 CAD per metre. The ban affects both carvings and raw tusks. The Canadian government has said that if it fails to restrict export of narwhal tusks, then the worldwide neighborhood may fully ban exports below CITES. Tusks are still allowed to be traded inside Canada. The primary known instance of mammoth ivory reaching western Europe was in 1611, when a chunk, purchased from Samoyeds in Siberia, reached London. After 1582, when Russia conquered Siberia, the ivory grew to become a more recurrently accessible commodity. Siberia’s mammoth ivory business skilled substantial progress from the mid-18th century on. In a single instance, in 1821, a collector introduced 8,165 kg (18,001 lb) of ivory, from approximately 50 mammoths, again from the brand new Siberian Islands. It is estimated that 46,750 mammoths have been excavated throughout the first 250 years since Siberia grew to become part of Russia. Within the early 19th century mammoth ivory was used, as substantial supply, for such merchandise as piano keys, billiard balls, and ornamental boxes. In 1998, over 300 mammoth tusks were found in an underground ice cave within the Taimyr Peninsula in North Siberia. These fossils and tusks have been studied up to 2003, until 24 of them have been stolen and transported to Russia. The suspect was finally caught and arrested, but there was an excessive amount of harm accomplished to continue studying these mammoth tusks. Lavers, Chris (2009). The Natural History of Unicorns. USA: William Morris. pp. Kramer, Andrew E. (19 November 2008). “Commerce in mammoth ivory, helped by international thaw, flourishes in Russia”. The brand new York Occasions. THE IVORY Trade. pp 7-11. A CONSULTANCY UNDERTAKEN FOR DR. IAIN DOUGLAS-HAMILTON ON BEHALF OF THE UNITED STATES FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE OF THE Division OF THE Inside, AND THE International UNION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND Natural Assets, MORGE, SWITZERLAND. June 1979 I.S.C. Parker Wildlife Providers Ltd P.O. B0X 30678 NAIROBI, Kenya. Kru, a West African people) Nation is filled with ivory” the gist of this being that now slaves have been unlawful, ivory was tough to maneuver.” BENNETT, N.R. BROOKS J.R. 1965 New England merchants in Africa. Boston Univ. Press, Boston. New Scientist. Reed Enterprise Information. Lemieux, A. M.; Clarke, R. V. (2009). “The Worldwide Ban on Ivory Gross sales and its Results on Elephant Poaching in Africa”. British Journal of Criminology. 49 (4): 451. doi:10.1093/bjc/azp030. New Scientist. Reed Enterprise Data. Elevated Demand for Ivory Threatens Elephant Survival. Lifting the Ivory Ban Referred to as Premature. Katy Payne, Cornell University; Iain Douglas-Hamilton, Save the Elephants; Vivek Menon, Wildlife Belief of India; Cynthia Moss, Amboseli Elephant Analysis Undertaking; Joyce Poole, Savanna Elephant Vocalization Undertaking; Andrea Turkalo, Wildlife Conservation Society (31 October 2002). “Lifting the Ivory Ban Called Premature – Scientists Supply a Perspective on Elephants and Ivory”. The horror! The horror! African countries set to lock horns over ivory Archived 21 August 2016 on the Wayback Machine. Mike And Etis Archived 19 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. The brand new York Instances. Ivory gross sales Archived 2 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Return of ivory commerce as Britain backs China – Nature, Atmosphere. Photograph Shuji Kajiyama, Related Press (10 December 2015). “How Japan is Fueling the Slaughter of Elephants”. Schwartz, Michael (8 August 2014). “America’s ongoing debate over the commerce in ivory”.